Following India's independence, Jawaharlal Nehru began reforms to boost higher education, research, and technology. The Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), founded by a 22-member council of scholars and entrepreneurs to promote technical education, was opened on August 18, 1951, in Kharagpur, West Bengal, by Education Minister Maulana Abul Kalam Azad. In the late 1950s and early 1960s, further IITs, as well as regional RECs (now National Institutes of Technology), were established in Bombay, Madras, Kanpur, and Delhi (NIT). Close relations with the Soviet Union allowed the Indian Space Research Organisation to rapidly establish the Indian space program beginning in the 1960s. In the late 1950s and early 1960s, further IITs, as well as regional RECs (now National Institutes of Technology), were established in Bombay, Madras, Kanpur, and Delhi (NIT).
Even after India's first nuclear test explosion on 18 May 1974 at Pokhran, tight connections with the Soviet Union helped the Indian Space Research Organisation to rapidly expand the Indian space program and progress nuclear power in India beginning in the 1960s. India spends around 10% of all research and development dollars in Asia, and the number of scientific publications has increased by 45 per cent in the five years leading up to 2007. However, former Indian science and technology minister Kapil Sibal claims that India lags behind developed countries in research and technology. In India, there are just 140 researchers per 1,000,000 people, compared to 4,651 in the US.
In the years 2002–2003, India spent $3.7 billion on science and technology. For example, China invested nearly four times more in science and technology than India, while the United States invested approximately 75 times more. While India's output of scientific papers increased fourfold between 2000 and 2015, surpassing Russia and France in absolute numbers per year, China and Brazil outpaced India; Indian papers generate fewer citations than the average, and the country has a small number of scientists concerning its population.
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